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40% happen in June, making it the worst month for twisters in Colorado. 30 to 40 tornadoes have been reported in Colorado annually, with almost 60 in Cowboy Ethics 1. Live each day with courage 2. Take pride in your work 3. Always finish what you start 4. Do what has to be done 5. Be tough but fair 6. When you make a promise, keep it 7. Ride for the brand 8. Talk less, say more 9. Remember that some things are not for sale 10. Know where to draw the line Excerpt from Cowboy Ethics: What Wall Street Can Learn from the Code of the Colorado Trivia High Altitude Cooking & Baking Preparation
of foods at altitudes above 3000 feet may require changes in time,
COOKING When
the atmospheric pressure is less, the temperature required to boil
water is less and Altitude Temperature CANNING In
order to destroy heat resistant bacteria, other vegetables, meats and
poultry must be Altitude Pressure Required FREEZING When
heating or "blanching" vegetables before packing, heat 1 minute longer
than the SYRUP CANDY OR JELLY MAKING Decrease
the final cooking temperature 2 degrees for every increase of 1000 feet
in DEEP FAT FRYING Lower
the temperature of fat to prevent over-browning on the outside while
being under- BREADS The
rising period for bread is shortened at high altitude. Good flavor is
dependent on the In high, dry climates flour tends to be dried. Less flour may be needed to make the CAKES MADE WITH SHORTENING Most
cake recipes perfected for sea level need no modification for altitudes
up to 3,000 Increasing
the baking temperature 15 to 25 degrees "sets" the batter before the
cells Rich
cakes made at high altitude need the shortening reduced by 1 or 2
tablespoons. Fat Adjustment 3000 ft. 5000 ft. 7000 ft. Reduce sugar, for each Increase liquid, for each ANGEL FOOD & SPONGE CAKES Beat
egg whites only until they form peaks that fall over - not stiff and
dry, which will CAKE MIXES Follow the high-altitude adjustments provided on the cake mix boxes. These may consist COOKIES Cookie
recipes can be improved by slightly increasing the baking temperature,
slightly BISCUITS, MUFFINS AND QUICK BREADS Reducing
the baking soda or powder slightly can improve quick breads. Quick
breads with PIE CRUSTS Slightly more liquid can be used.
Facts about Colorado Twisters
95% occur east of Interstate 25.
Because of the state's dry atmosphere, Colorado twisters tend to be small, short
lived and relatively weak.
1982.
From 1953-1990, Colorado had 826 tornadoes, resulting in two deaths.
Most storms occur in northeastern Colorado, roughly the area bounded by I-25 on
the west and Interstate 70 on the south.
They usually last only a few minutes, are 100 to 200 yards wide and have a path
1.5 miles long.
They have wind speeds of about 100 mph, compared
to the 200-300 mph speeds
attained by tornadoes further east. The Limon
tornado of 1990 was a notable
exception, with wind speeds around 200
mph.
Sources: Channel 9-KUSA meterologist Mike Nelson, Nolan
Doesken, assistant
state climatologist at Colorado State University and
the Colorado State
Climatology Office.
West By James P Owen
temperature or recipe. Higher altitudes have lower atmospheric pressure
and this
decreased air pressure affects
food preparation in two ways:
1. Water and other liquids evaporate faster and boil at lower temperature.
2. Leavening gases in breads and cakes expand more.
so cooking food in this water at a lower temperature
takes longer.
Sea level 212 degrees F
2,000 ft. 208 degrees F
5,000 ft. 203 degrees F
7,500 ft. 198 degrees F
10,000 ft. 194 degrees F
Fruits,
vegetables and pickled vegetables canned in a boiling water bath
require an
increase in processing time at high altitude. Increase the
processing time 1 minute for
each 1,000 feet above sea level if the
time is 20 minutes or less. If the processing time is
more than twenty
minutes, increase 2 minutes per 1,000 feet.
heated to 240 degrees F for the appropriate time. A
steam pressure canner must be used
to obtain a temperature of 240
degrees F. At sea level 10lbs of pressure will produce this
temperature, but for each 100 feet above sea level an additional 1/2
pound of pressure is
required to reach 240 degrees F
Sea level 10 lb.
2,000 ft. 11 lb.
3,000 ft. 11.5 lb.
4,000 ft. 12 lb.
5,000 ft. 12.5 lb.
7,000 ft. 13.5 lb.
10,000 ft. 15 lb.
time given for sea level if you live 5,000 feet or more above
seal level.
elevation. This prevents excessive water evaporation.
cooked on the inside. A rough guide is to lower the frying
temperature about 3 degrees F
for every increase of 1,000 feet in
elevation. Adjust degrees slightly as needed according
to the food
fried.
length of the rising period. Pounding the dough down
twice gives time for the flavor to
develop.
dough the right consistency.
feet. Above 3,000 feet, the decreased atmospheric pressure
may cause excessive rising,
over-stretched cell structure which can
break the cells causing the cake to fall or the
texture to be coarse.
formed by leavening gas expand too much. Excessive water
evaporation at high altitude
leads to high concentration of sugar which
weakens the cell structure. Decrease the
sugar and increase the liquid
to remedy this.
also weakens the cell structure. Increase the eggs to
strengthen the cell structure and
this may prevent a too-rich cake from
falling.
Reduce the baking powder,
for each tsp., decrease: 1/8 tsp. 1/8-1/4 tsp. 1/4 tsp.
cup, decrease: 0-1 Tbsp. 0-2 Tbsp. 1-3 Tbsp.
cup, add: 1-2 Tbsp. 2-4 Tbsp. 3-4 Tbsp.
cause collapse of the cells. Use less sugar, more flour
and a high baking temperature to
strengthen cell structure.
of adding all-purpose flour and liquid.
decreasing baking powder or soda, fat and/or sugar, and or a
slight increase in liquid
ingredients and flour.
a cake-like texture can be improved by following the
adjustment recommendations for
cakes.
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